Gemstones

Sapphire is a gemstone variety of the mineral corundum, which is an aluminum oxide (Al2O3). Along with ruby, sapphire belongs to the corundum mineral species. The name "sapphire" is usually used to describe blue corundum, while other colors are referred to as "fancy sapphires."Sapphires are typically found in igneous and metamorphic rocks that have undergone intense heat and pressure. They can also be found in alluvial deposits (riverbeds and ocean floors), where they have been transported by water and deposited in a new location.The beautiful blue color of sapphire is caused by the presence of trace amounts of iron and...

Emerald is a precious gemstone known for its vibrant green color and unmatched beauty. It is a variety of the mineral beryl and gets its distinctive hue from trace amounts of chromium and/or vanadium.Emerald is a relatively hard mineral, ranking at 7.5-8 on the Mohs scale of mineral hardness. Its crystal structure consists of hexagonal prisms that are often terminated with a flat basal face. The mineral has a vitreous luster and exhibits a strong pleochroism, meaning it displays different colors when viewed from different angles.Emeralds are typically found in metamorphic and igneous rocks, such as schist, gneiss, and granite....

Diamonds are one of the most sought-after and valuable gemstones in the world. They are crystalline forms of carbon that are formed deep within the Earth's mantle under high pressure and temperature conditions. The majority of diamonds are between 1 billion and 3.3 billion years old, with some even being as old as 4.25 billion years old.The crystal structure of diamonds is a face-centered cubic (FCC) lattice, which means that each carbon atom is bonded to four other atoms in a tetrahedral arrangement. This structure gives diamonds their characteristic hardness and high refractive index, as well as their unique optical...